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<title>Electrocinétique - Lois générales dans l'ARQS (2)</title>
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<h1>Lois générales dans l'ARQS (2)</h1>
<hr />

<h2>Puissance électrocinétique reçue par un dipôle</h2>

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<text transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 36.2622 13.5742)" font-family="'TimesNewRomanPSMT'" font-size="16.3249">I</text>
<text transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 26.1582)" font-family="'TimesNewRomanPSMT'" font-size="16.3249">A</text>
<text transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 162.9097 26.1582)" font-family="'TimesNewRomanPSMT'" font-size="16.3249">B</text>
<text transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 79.4429 60.1475)" font-family="'TimesNewRomanPSMT'" font-size="16.3249">U </text>
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<p>Pendant <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll">
    <mi>d</mi>
    <mi>t</mi>
  </math> il y a <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll">
    <mstyle displaystyle="true">
      <mfrac>
        <mrow>
          <mi>I</mi>
          <mi>d</mi>
          <mi>t</mi>
        </mrow>
        <mi>q</mi>
      </mfrac>
    </mstyle>
  </math> porteurs de charge qui entrent en  <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll">
    <mi>A</mi>
  </math>, leur énergie est <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll">
    <mstyle displaystyle="true">
      <mfrac>
        <mrow>
          <mi>I</mi>
          <mi>d</mi>
          <mi>t</mi>
        </mrow>
        <mi>q</mi>
      </mfrac>
    </mstyle>
    <mo>&#x00D7;</mo>
    <mi>q</mi>
    <msub>
      <mi>V</mi>
      <mi>A</mi>
    </msub>
  </math> (énergie d'un porteur cf électromagnétisme).</p>

<p>Il y en a le même nombre qui sortent en 
  <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll">
    <mi>B</mi>
  </math>, leur énergie est <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll">
    <mstyle displaystyle="true">
      <mfrac>
        <mrow>
          <mi>I</mi>
          <mi>d</mi>
          <mi>t</mi>
        </mrow>
        <mi>q</mi>
      </mfrac>
    </mstyle>
    <mo>&#x00D7;</mo>
    <mi>q</mi>
    <msub>
      <mi>V</mi>
      <mi>B</mi>
    </msub>
  </math> le dipôle reçoit donc l'énergie <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll">
    <mi>&#x03B4;</mi>
    <mi>W</mi>
    <mo>=</mo>
    <mrow>
      <mi>I</mi>
      <mi>d</mi>
      <mi>t</mi>
    </mrow>
    <mfenced separators="">
      <msub>
        <mi>V</mi>
        <mi>A</mi>
      </msub>
      <mo>-</mo>
      <msub>
        <mi>V</mi>
        <mi>B</mi>
      </msub>
    </mfenced>
    <mo>=</mo>
    <mi>UIdt</mi>
  </math> ce qui correspond à la puissance reçue</p>
 <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" overflow="scroll">
    <mtable frame="solid">
      <mtr>
        <mtd>
          <mi>P</mi>
          <mo>=</mo>
          <mstyle displaystyle="true">
            <mfrac>
              <mrow>
                <mi>&#x03B4;</mi>
                <mi>W</mi>
              </mrow>
              <mrow>
                <mi>d</mi>
                <mi>t</mi>
              </mrow>
            </mfrac>
          </mstyle>
          <mo>=</mo>
          <mrow>
            <mi>U</mi>
            <mi>I</mi>
          </mrow>
        </mtd>
      </mtr>
    </mtable>
  </math>

<p>Un dipôle à un comportement récepteur si <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll">
    <mi>P</mi>
    <mo>></mo>
    <mn>0</mn>
  </math>.</p>

<p>Un dipôle à un comportement générateur si <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll">
    <mi >P</mi>
    <mo>&lt;</mo>
    <mn>0</mn>
  </math>.</p>

<p>Un dipôle peut avoir un comportement récepteur à certains moments et un comportement générateur à d'autres moments (ex. batterie).</p>

<p>Pour une résistance <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll">
    <mi>U</mi>
    <mo>=</mo>
    <mrow>
      <mi>R</mi>
      <mi>I</mi>
    </mrow>
  </math> :</p>

<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" overflow="scroll">
    <mi >P</mi>
    <mo>=</mo>
    <mrow>
      <mi>U</mi>
      <mi>I</mi>
    </mrow>
    <mo>=</mo>
    <mi>R</mi>
    <msup>
      <mi>I</mi>
      <mn>2</mn>
    </msup>
  </math>



<h2>Modélisations linéaires d'un dipôle actif</h2>
<p>Consiste à linéariser la caractéristique du dipôle :</p> 


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<h3>Représentation de Thévenin</h3>
   <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" overflow="scroll">
    <mi>U</mi>
    <mo>=</mo>
    <mi>E</mi>
    <mo>-</mo>
    <mrow>
      <mi>R</mi>
      <mi>I</mi>
    </mrow>
  </math>
<p>Le dipôle peut être considéré comme l'association série d'une source de tension <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll">
    <mi>E</mi>
  </math>
   (tension à vide) et d'une résistance <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll">
    <mi>R</mi>
  </math> (pente) :</p>


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<h3>Représentation de Norton</h3>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" overflow="scroll">
    <mi>I</mi>
    <mo>=</mo>
    <msub>
      <mi>I</mi>
      <mn>0</mn>
    </msub>
    <mo>-</mo>
    <mstyle displaystyle="true">
      <mfrac>
        <mi>U</mi>
        <mi>R</mi>
      </mfrac>
    </mstyle>
    <mspace width="1em"/>
    <mi mathvariant="normal">avec</mi>
    <mspace width="1em"/>
    <msub>
      <mi>I</mi>
      <mn>0</mn>
    </msub>
    <mo>=</mo>
    <mstyle displaystyle="true">
      <mfrac>
        <mi>E</mi>
        <mi>R</mi>
      </mfrac>
    </mstyle>
  </math>
  
<p>Le dipôle peut être considéré comme l'association parallèle d'une source de courant <math  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll">
    <msub>
      <mi>I</mi>
      <mn>0</mn>
    </msub>
  </math> (courant de court circuit) et d'une résistance <math  xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll">
    <mi>R</mi>
  </math> (pente) : </p>


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<h2>Théorèmes généraux relatifs aux réseaux linéaires</h2>
<p>Un réseau linéaire est un circuit constitué uniquement de composants linéaires c'est à dire de composants pour lesquels tension et intensité sont reliés soit par une relation affine soit par une équation différentielle linéaire.</p>

<h3>Association série de dipôles - Diviseur de tension</h3>
<p>Association série de résistances équivalent à une résistance</p>

<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" overflow="scroll">
    <mi>R</mi>
    <mo>=</mo>
    <munder>
      <mo>&#x2211;</mo>
      <mi>i</mi>
    </munder>
    <msub>
      <mi>R</mi>
      <mi>i</mi>
    </msub>
  </math>

<p>Association série de condensateurs équivalent à un condensateur de capacité 
  <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll">
    <mi>C</mi>
  </math> tel que (voir cours suivant)</p>

<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" overflow="scroll">
    <mstyle displaystyle="true">
      <mfrac>
        <mn>1</mn>
        <mi>C</mi>
      </mfrac>
    </mstyle>
    <mo>=</mo>
    <munder>
      <mo>&#x2211;</mo>
      <mi>i</mi>
    </munder>
    <mstyle displaystyle="true">
      <mfrac>
        <mn>1</mn>
        <msub>
          <mi>C</mi>
          <mi>i</mi>
        </msub>
      </mfrac>
    </mstyle>
  </math>
  
<p>Association série de bobines équivalent à une bobine d'inductance (voir cours suivant)</p>

 <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" overflow="scroll">
    <mi>L</mi>
    <mo>=</mo>
    <munder>
      <mo>&#x2211;</mo>
      <mi>i</mi>
    </munder>
    <msub>
      <mi>L</mi>
      <mi>i</mi>
    </msub>
  </math>
  
<p>Association série de générateurs de Thévenin</p>

<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" overflow="scroll">
    <mi>E</mi>
    <mo>=</mo>
    <msub>
      <mi>E</mi>
      <mn>1</mn>
    </msub>
    <mo>+</mo>
    <msub>
      <mi>E</mi>
      <mn>2</mn>
    </msub>
    <mspace width="1em"/>
    <mi mathvariant="normal">et</mi>
    <mspace width="1em"/>
    <mi>R</mi>
    <mo>=</mo>
    <msub>
      <mi>R</mi>
      <mn>1</mn>
    </msub>
    <mo>+</mo>
    <msub>
      <mi>R</mi>
      <mn>2</mn>
    </msub>
  </math>
  
<p>Diviseur de tension :</p>

<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" overflow="scroll">
    <msub>
      <mi>U</mi>
      <mn>2</mn>
    </msub>
    <mo>=</mo>
    <mstyle displaystyle="true">
      <mfrac>
        <msub>
          <mi>R</mi>
          <mn>2</mn>
        </msub>
        <mrow>
          <msub>
            <mi>R</mi>
            <mn>1</mn>
          </msub>
          <mo>+</mo>

          <msub>
            <mi>R</mi>
            <mn>2</mn>
          </msub>
        </mrow>
      </mfrac>
    </mstyle>
    <mi>U</mi>
  </math>
  

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<h3>Association parallèle de dipôles - Diviseur de courant</h3>
<p>Association parallèle de résistances équivalent à une résistance  <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll">
    <mi>R</mi>
  </math> telle que</p> 

 <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" overflow="scroll">
    <mstyle displaystyle="true">
      <mfrac>
        <mn>1</mn>
        <mi>R</mi>
      </mfrac>
    </mstyle>
    <mo>=</mo>
    <munder>
      <mo>&#x2211;</mo>
      <mi>i</mi>
    </munder>
    <mstyle displaystyle="true">
      <mfrac>
        <mn>1</mn>
        <msub>
          <mi>R</mi>
          <mi>i</mi>
        </msub>
      </mfrac>
    </mstyle>
  </math>

<p>Association parallèle de condensateurs équivalent à un condensateur de capacité (voir cours suivant)</p>

<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" overflow="scroll">
    <mi>C</mi>
    <mo>=</mo>
    <munder>
      <mo>&#x2211;</mo>
      <mi>i</mi>
    </munder>
    <msub>
      <mi>C</mi>
      <mi>i</mi>
    </msub>
  </math>

<p>Association parallèle de bobines équivalent à une bobine d'inductance <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll">
    <mi>L</mi>
  </math> telle que (voir cours suivant)</p>

 <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" overflow="scroll">
    <mstyle displaystyle="true">
      <mfrac>
        <mn>1</mn>
        <mi>L</mi>
      </mfrac>
    </mstyle>
    <mo>=</mo>
    <munder>
      <mo>&#x2211;</mo>
      <mi>i</mi>
    </munder>
    <mstyle displaystyle="true">
      <mfrac>
        <mn>1</mn>
        <msub>
          <mi>L</mi>
          <mi>i</mi>
        </msub>
      </mfrac>
    </mstyle>
  </math>

<p>Association parallèle de générateurs de Norton</p>

<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" overflow="scroll">
    <msub>
    <mi>I</mi>
	<mn>0</mn>
	</msub>
    <mo>=</mo>
    <msub>
    <mi>I</mi>
	<mn>01</mn>
	</msub>
    <mo>+</mo>
    <msub>
    <mi>I</mi>
	<mn>02</mn>
	</msub>
    <mspace width="1em"/>
    <mi mathvariant="normal">et</mi>
    <mspace width="1em"/>
    <mi>R</mi>
    <mo>=</mo>
    <mstyle displaystyle="true">
      <mfrac>
        <mrow>
          <msub>
            <mi>R</mi>
            <mn>1</mn>
          </msub>
          <msub>
            <mi>R</mi>
            <mn>2</mn>
          </msub>
        </mrow>
        <mrow>
          <msub>
            <mi>R</mi>
            <mn>1</mn>
          </msub>
          <mo>+</mo>
          <msub>
            <mi>R</mi>
            <mn>2</mn>
          </msub>
        </mrow>
      </mfrac>
    </mstyle>
  </math>
<p>Diviseur de courant :</p>


  <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" overflow="scroll">
    <msub>
      <mi>I</mi>
      <mn>2</mn>
    </msub>
    <mo>=</mo>
    <mstyle displaystyle="true">
      <mfrac>
        <msub>
          <mi>R</mi>
          <mn>1</mn>
        </msub>
        <mrow>
          <msub>
            <mi>R</mi>
            <mn>1</mn>
          </msub>
          <mo>+</mo>
          <msub>
            <mi>R</mi>
            <mn>2</mn>
          </msub>
        </mrow>
      </mfrac>
    </mstyle>
    <mi>I</mi>
  </math>

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