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<title>Optique - Image</title>
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<h1>Image</h1>
<hr />

<h2>Image et information</h2>
<div class="cit">
<p>(D'après Pierre Léna et Alain Blanchard, <em>Lumières une introduction aux phénomènes optiques</em>, InterEditions 1990) :</p>
<p>"L'oeil reçoit l'information que lui apporte la lumière. Des mécanismes physico-chimiques complexes se produisent dans la rétine, transforment cette information et la codent en signaux électriques qui cheminent par le nerf optique jusqu'au cerveau. Par des processus encore largement inconnus, le cerveau transforme ces signaux en sensation d'image, en conscience d'image. A l'évidence, cette sensation lumineuse contient diverses
informations :</p>
<ul>
<li>une information de position dans un espace à deux dimensions; la position d'un point lumineux est déterminé par deux variables (x,y);</li>
<li>une information de couleur que l'on peut considérer fixée par une variable : la fréquence <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"><mi>&#x03BD;</mi></math> de la lumière, variant de façon continue tout au long du spectre de l'arc-en-ciel, forme des couleurs auxquelles est sensible la rétine;</li>
<li>une information temporelle qui fixe l'instant t de la sensation, puisque l'oeil perçoit la transformation des images au cours du temps;</li>
<li>une information caractérisant l'intensité de la sensation en chaque point (x,y,<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"><mi>&#x03BD;</mi></math>,t) et donc la puissance reçue."</li>
</ul>
</div>
<p>Une photo, une peinture, l'écran d'une télé à un instant donné, l'image à travers un télescope ou un microscope, les images stockées sur un DVD, les images d'un rêve... sont des images au sens où elles contiennent les informations précédentes.</p>
<p>Selon ce point de vue une image peut donc n'avoir aucun rapport avec la réalité.</p>




<h2>Images optiques (image au sens restrictif d'image optique)</h2>

<h3>Objet</h3>
<p class="def">
Un <strong>point source ou objet</strong> est un point géométrique d'où émanent des rayons lumineux.<br />
<br />
Un <strong>objet</strong> lumineux est un ensemble de points sources.
</p>

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<p>La lumière peut être émise (ex. : Soleil, néon...), diffusée (ex. :
mur...), ou encore réfléchie (ex. : miroir...).</p>



<h3>Image réelle</h3>
<p>Soit un système optique (S) obligeant les rayons lumineux issus d'un point source ou objet A  à converger en un point A' :</p> 

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<text transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0.5322 121.5913)" font-family="'Arial'" font-size="20">A</text>
<text transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 453.8667 121.5913)" font-family="'Arial'" font-size="20">A&apos;</text>
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<text transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 218.1514 155.8765)" font-family="'Arial'" font-size="20">(S)</text>
</svg>
</p>

<p>A' est appelée <strong>image réelle</strong> de A.</p>

<p>L'énergie transportée par les rayons lumineux issus de A est concentrée en A', elle peut être mesurée
par une cellule photoélectrique ou encore impressionner un film photographique. </p>



<h3>Image virtuelle</h3>
<p>Si, au contraire, le système optique (S) oblige les rayons lumineux issus de A à diverger en paraissant provenir d'un point A'' :</p>

<p><svg  version="1.1" id="Calque_1" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="760" height="350"
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</g>
<g>
	<g>
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		<path fill="#FF9933" stroke="#FF9933" d="M367.153,225.613c-2.007-0.583-4.697-1.033-6.688-0.876l2.905-1.928l1.001-3.341
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	</g>
</g>
<text transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 217.9629 196.7549)" font-family="'Arial'" font-size="20">(S1)</text>
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<line fill="none" stroke="#FF9933" stroke-dasharray="6" x1="241.254" y1="132.275" x2="298.832" y2="106.981"/>
<line fill="none" stroke="#FF9933" stroke-dasharray="6" x1="241.254" y1="132.275" x2="297.95" y2="146.332"/>
<line fill="none" stroke="#FF9933" stroke-dasharray="6" x1="241.254" y1="132.275" x2="293.461" y2="170.979"/>
</svg></p>

<p>A'' est appelée <strong>image virtuelle</strong> de A.</p>

<p>La concentration virtuelle d'énergie en A'' ne peut plus être mesurée par une cellule photoélectrique ou  impressionner un film photographique puisqu'il faudrait les placer à l'intérieur du système ce qui le modifierait.</p>


<h3>Objet réel ou virtuel</h3>
<p>Pour un système optique (S') placé à droite de A' ou après (S1), A' ou A'' sont des points source ou objet ou encore <strong>objets réels</strong>.</p>
<p>Si A' était formé par (S) au delà de (S'), A' serait un <strong>objet virtuel</strong> pour (S') :</p>

<p>
<svg  version="1.1" id="objet_reel" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="760" height="190"
	 viewBox="0 0 477.458 166.464" overflow="visible" enable-background="new 0 0 477.458 166.464" xml:space="preserve">
<circle cx="532.659" cy="92.051" r="3.594"/>
<g>
	<g>
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		<path fill="#FF9933" d="M246.387,27.369c-3.023,0.176-6.922,0.861-9.565,2.04l3.038-4.042l-0.25-5.05
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	</g>
</g>
<g>
	<g>
		<path fill="#FF9933" d="M246.973,50.086c-2.661-1.449-5.892-3.731-7.781-5.928l1.022,4.952l-2.381,4.46
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<h2>Quand l'image ressemble à l'objet</h2>
<p>Pour que l'image ressemble à l'objet, le système doit remplir certaines conditions.</p>
<h3>Stigmatisme</h3>
<p class="def">Le système est <strong>stigmatique</strong> s'il donne de tout point A de l'objet un unique point image A'.</p>


<h3>Homothétie</h3>
<p>le rapport des distances entre 2 couples de points objets AB et images A'B' doit être indépendant du    choix de ces points; l'image et l'objet sont alors homothétiques.</p>


<h3>Aplanétisme</h3>
<p class="def">On parle d'<strong>aplanétisme</strong> pour les systèmes ayant un axe de symétrie (la plupart des instruments d'optique) et qui donne d'un l'objet AB perpendiculaire à l'axe une l'image A'B' elle aussi perpendiculaire à l'axe.</p>

<p></p>







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