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<h1>Lentilles minces sphériques</h1>
<hr />


<h2>Définition</h2>
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<p>Une lentille mince est constituée de deux dioptres sphériques qui vérifient :</p>
 <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" overflow="scroll">
    <mi>e</mi>
    <mo>=</mo>
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    <mo>&#x226A;</mo>
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    <msub>
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    <mi>e</mi>
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    <mi>e</mi>
    <mo>&#x226A;</mo>
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      <mn>1</mn>
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    <msub>
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<p>alors  <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll">
    <msub>
      <mi>S</mi>
      <mn>1</mn>
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    <mo>&#x2243;</mo>
    <msub>
      <mi>S</mi>
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    <mo>&#x2243;</mo>
    <mi>O</mi>
  </math> centre de la lentille</p>







<h2>Lentille mince convergente ou divergente</h2>
<p>Lentille mince convergente (bords minces) :</p>
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<p>Lentille mince divergente (bords épais) :</p>
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<h2>Stigmatisme approché dans les conditions de Gauss - Vergence</h2>
<p>Les lentilles minces sphériques ne donnent d'un point A une unique image A' que dans certaines conditions appelées <strong>conditions de Gauss</strong> : </p>

<p class="def">Les rayons lumineux sont proches de l'axe et peu inclinés par rapport à l'axe.</p>

<p>Dans ces conditions, la <strong>relation de conjugaison</strong> donne la position de l'image (resp. objet) connaissant la position de l'objet (resp. image) :</p>

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          <mo>-</mo>
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			 </mfrac>
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          <mo>=</mo>
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<p>où V est la <strong>vergence</strong>. La vergence est positive pour une lentille mince convergente et négative pour une lentille mince divergente.</p>

<p>On parle alors de <strong>stigmatisme approché</strong></p>
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        <mi>mince</mi>
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        <mi>sphérique</mi>
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    <mi>A</mi>
    <mi>'</mi>
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<p>On dit que A' est le conjugué de A ou encore que A et A' sont conjugués. Tous les rayons issus de A convergent en A'.</p>









<h2>Points particuliers - Distance focale</h2>
<p>Les rayons passant par le <strong>centre</strong> O ne sont pas déviés (on peut considérer qu'au voisinage de O, on a une lame à faces parallèles).</p>

<p>Le <strong> foyer image</strong> est le conjugué d'un point objet à l'infini sur l'axe</p>
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    <mi>F</mi>
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              <mi>V</mi>
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          <mo>=</mo>
          <mi>f</mi>
          <mi>'</mi>          
        </mtd>
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</math>
<p>où f' est la <strong>distance focale image</strong></p>


<p>Le <strong> foyer objet</strong> est le conjugué d'un point image à l'infini sur l'axe</p>
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    <mi>F</mi>
    <munderover>
      <mo>&#x2192;</mo>
      <mrow/>
      <mrow>
        <mi>lentille</mi>
        <mspace width="0.5em"/>
        <mi>mince</mi>
      </mrow>
    </munderover>
    <mi>A</mi>
    <msub>
      <mi>'</mi>
      <mo>&#x221E;</mo>
    </msub>
</math>
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              <mi>O</mi>
              <mi>F</mi>
            </mrow>
            <mo stretchy="true">&#x00AF;</mo>
          </mover>
		  <mo>=</mo>
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          <mstyle displaystyle="true">
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			  <mn>1</mn>
              <mi>V</mi>
            </mfrac>
          </mstyle> 
          <mo>=</mo>
          <mi>f</mi>
        </mtd>
      </mtr>
    </mtable>
</math>
<p>où f est la <strong>distance focale objet</strong></p>
<p>Pour la lentille mince sphérique, les foyers objet et image sont symétriques par rapport au centre O de la lentille.</p>








<h2>Aplanétisme approché dans les conditions de Gauss - Plans focaux</h2>

<p>Les lentilles minces sphériques ne donnent d'un objet perpendiculaire à l'axe une image perpendiculaire à l'axe que dans les conditions de Gauss; on parle alors d'<strong>aplanétisme approché</strong>.</p>

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      <mi>A</mi>
      <mo>&#x221E;</mo>
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      <mo>&#x2192;</mo>
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      <mrow>
        <mi>lentille</mi>
        <mspace width="0.5em"/>
        <mi>mince</mi>
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    <mi>F</mi>
    <mi>'</mi>
</math>
  <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" overflow="scroll">
    <msub>
      <mi>B</mi>
      <mo>&#x221E;</mo>
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    <munderover>
      <mo>&#x2192;</mo>
      <mrow/>
      <mrow>
        <mi>lentille</mi>
        <mspace width="0.5em"/>
        <mi>mince</mi>
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  </math></div>
  
<p>Le conjugué de <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll">
    <msub>
      <mi>B</mi>
      <mo>&#x221E;</mo>
    </msub>
  </math>  
est dans le plan perpendiculaire à l'axe passant par F' appelé <strong>plan focal</strong> image.</p>

<p>De même, Le conjugué de <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll">
    <mi>B</mi><msub>
      <mi>'</mi>
      <mo>&#x221E;</mo>
    </msub>
  </math>  
est dans le plan perpendiculaire à l'axe passant par F appelé <strong>plan focal</strong> objet.</p>
<p>Pour la lentille mince sphérique, les plans focal objet et image sont symétriques par rapport au centre O de la lentille.</p>





<h2>Modélisation de la lentille mince sphérique et constructions géométriques</h2>

<h3>Modélisation</h3>
<p>Cette modélisation concerne la lentille mince sphérique utilisée dans les conditions de Gauss.</p>
<p>On dilate les schémas perpendiculairement à l'axe optique :</p>

<p>Lentille mince convergente :</p>
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<p>Lentille mince divergente :</p>
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<text transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 296.6387 87.9536)" font-family="'Arial'" font-size="16">F</text>
</svg>




<h3>Construction de l'image A' d'un point A sur l'axe</h3>
<p>On prend, dans le plan perpendiculaire à l'axe et passant par A, un point B en dehors de l'axe; l'image d'un point étant un point (stigmatisme), il suffit de deux rayons pour trouver B' à choisir parmi les 3 rayons remarquables suivants :</p>
<ul>
<li>le rayon parallèle à l'axe (issu d'un point à l'infini sur l'axe) et passant par B est transmis en passant par F';</li>
<li>le rayon passant par B et par F est transmis parallèlement à l'axe ("convergeant" vers un point à l'infini sur l'axe);</li>
<li>le rayon passant par B et par O n'est pas dévié.</li></ul>


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		<line stroke="#000000" stroke-width="0.6626" stroke-linecap="square" stroke-miterlimit="10" x1="418.143" y1="161.532" x2="418.143" y2="128.567"/>
	<path stroke="#000000" d="M418.143,165.149c-0.632-1.702-1.709-3.814-2.85-5.123l2.85,1.03l2.85-1.03
		C419.852,161.335,418.774,163.447,418.143,165.149z"/>
</g>
<text transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 46.8809 147.5952)" font-family="'Arial'" font-size="16">A</text>
<text transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 183.582 147.5952)" font-family="'Arial'" font-size="16">F</text>
<text transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 259.1309 147.5952)" font-family="'Arial'" font-size="16">O</text>
<text transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 365.0205 121.1226)" font-family="'Arial'" font-size="16">F&apos;</text>
<text transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 414.9268 121.1226)" font-family="'Arial'" font-size="16">A&apos;</text>
<text transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 414.9268 187.5205)" font-family="'Arial'" font-size="16">B&apos;</text>
<text transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 46.8809 61.6128)" font-family="'Arial'" font-size="16">B</text>
</svg>



<h3>Construction d'un rayon réfléchi</h3>
<p>On fait comme si le rayon parvenait d'un point à l'infini en dehors de l'axe; le rayon parallèle passant par O (provenant aussi de <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll">
    <msub>
      <mi>B</mi>
      <mo>&#x221E;</mo>
    </msub></math>
	) coupe le plan focal en B' conjugué de <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll">
    <msub>
      <mi>B</mi>
      <mo>&#x221E;</mo>
    </msub></math>; tous les rayons issus de <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll">
    <msub>
      <mi>B</mi>
      <mo>&#x221E;</mo>
    </msub></math> convergent en B' après transmission (stigmatisme), le rayon est donc transmis en passant par B' :</p>
	
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<g>
	
		<line stroke="#000000" stroke-width="0.6626" stroke-linecap="square" stroke-miterlimit="10" x1="0.332" y1="128.567" x2="498.98" y2="128.567"/>
	<path stroke="#000000" d="M502.979,128.567c-1.882,0.698-4.217,1.89-5.663,3.15l1.14-3.15l-1.14-3.15
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</g>
<g>
	
		<line stroke="#000000" stroke-width="0.6626" stroke-linecap="square" stroke-miterlimit="10" x1="276.632" y1="3.999" x2="276.632" y2="253.136"/>
	<path d="M276.632,257.135c-0.698-1.882-1.89-4.217-3.15-5.663l3.15,1.14l3.15-1.14C278.521,252.918,277.33,255.253,276.632,257.135
		z"/>
	<path d="M276.632,0c0.698,1.882,1.89,4.216,3.15,5.663l-3.15-1.139l-3.15,1.139C274.742,4.216,275.934,1.882,276.632,0z"/>
</g>
<text transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 183.582 147.5952)" font-family="'Arial'" font-size="16">F</text>
<text transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 259.1309 120.5952)" font-family="'Ariala'" font-size="16">O</text>
<text transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 348.0205 147.1226)" font-family="'Arial'" font-size="16">F&apos;</text>
<text transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 348.0205 57.5942)" font-family="'Arial'" font-size="16">B&apos;</text>
<circle cx="189.009" cy="128.678" r="1.811"/>
<circle cx="367.947" cy="128.678" r="1.811"/>
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<text transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 93.5693 171.6719)" font-family="'Arial'" font-size="16">B&#x221E;</text>
<text transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 191.4351 199.748)" font-family="'Arial'" font-size="16">B&#x221E;</text>
</svg>





<h2>Relations de conjugaison et grandissement</h2>

<p>Relation de conjugaison avec origine au centre ou encore <strong>formule de Descartes :</strong></p>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" overflow="scroll">
    <mtable frame="solid">
      <mtr>
        <mtd>
          <mstyle displaystyle="true">
            <mfrac>
              <mn>1</mn>
              <mover>
                <mrow>
                  <mi>O</mi>
                  <mi>A</mi>
				  <mi>'</mi>
                </mrow>
                <mo stretchy="true">&#x00AF;</mo>
              </mover>
            </mfrac>
          </mstyle>
          <mo>-</mo>
          <mstyle displaystyle="true">
            <mfrac>
              <mn>1</mn>
              <mover>
			    <mrow>
                <mi>O</mi>
				<mi>A</mi>
				</mrow>
                <mo stretchy="true">&#x00AF;</mo>
              </mover>
            </mfrac>
          </mstyle>
          <mo>=</mo>
          <mstyle displaystyle="true">
            <mfrac>
              <mn>1</mn>
              <mover>
                <mrow>
                  <mi>O</mi>
                  <mi>F</mi>
				  <mi>'</mi>
                </mrow>
                <mo stretchy="true">&#x00AF;</mo>
              </mover>
            </mfrac>
          </mstyle>
        </mtd>
      </mtr>
    </mtable>
  </math>

 <p>Relation de conjugaison avec origine aux foyers ou encore <strong>formule de Newton</strong></p>
  <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" overflow="scroll">
    <mtable frame="solid">
      <mtr>
        <mtd>
          <mover>
            <mrow>
              <mi>F</mi>
              <mi>A</mi>
            </mrow>
            <mo stretchy="true">&#x00AF;</mo>
          </mover>
          <mo>&#x2009;</mo>
          <mi>.</mi>
          <mo>&#x2009;</mo>
          <mover>
		  <mrow>
            <mi>F</mi>
			<mi>A</mi>
			<mi>'</mi>
			</mrow>
            <mo stretchy="true">&#x00AF;</mo>
          </mover>
          <mo>=</mo>
           <mover>
            <mrow>
              <mi>O</mi>
              <mi>F</mi>
            </mrow>
            <mo stretchy="true">&#x00AF;</mo>
          </mover>
          <mo>&#x2009;</mo>
          <mi>.</mi>
          <mo>&#x2009;</mo>
          <mover>
		  <mrow>
            <mi>O</mi>
			<mi>F</mi>
			<mi>'</mi>
			</mrow>
            <mo stretchy="true">&#x00AF;</mo>
          </mover>
          <mo>=</mo>
		  <mo>-</mo>
          <mstyle displaystyle="true">
              <msup>
                
                  <mrow>
                    <mi>f</mi>
                    <mi>'</mi>
                  </mrow>
                 
                <mn>2</mn>
              </msup>
             
          </mstyle>
        </mtd>
      </mtr>
    </mtable>
  </math>
  
<p><strong>Grandissement</strong> :</p>  
  <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" overflow="scroll">
    <mtable frame="solid">
      <mtr>
        <mtd>
          <mi>&#x03B3;</mi>
          <mo>=</mo>
          <mstyle displaystyle="true">
            <mfrac>
              <mover>
                <mrow>
                  <mi>A</mi>
                  <mi>'</mi>
                  <mi>B</mi>
                  <mi>'</mi>
                </mrow>
                <mo stretchy="true">&#x00AF;</mo>
              </mover>
              <mover>
                <mrow>
                  <mi>A</mi>
                  <mi>B</mi>
                </mrow>
                <mo stretchy="true">&#x00AF;</mo>
              </mover>
            </mfrac>
          </mstyle>
          <mo>=</mo>
          
          <mstyle displaystyle="true">
            <mfrac>
              <mover>
			  <mrow>
                <mi>O</mi>
				<mi>A</mi>
				<mi>'</mi>
				</mrow>
                <mo stretchy="true">&#x00AF;</mo>
              </mover>
              <mover>
                <mrow>
                  <mi>O</mi>
                  <mi>A</mi>
                </mrow>
                <mo stretchy="true">&#x00AF;</mo>
              </mover>
            </mfrac>
          </mstyle>
          <mo>=</mo>
		   <mo>-</mo>
          <mstyle displaystyle="true">
            <mfrac>
              <mover>
                <mrow>
                  <mi>O</mi>
                  <mi>F</mi>
				  
                </mrow>
                <mo stretchy="true">&#x00AF;</mo>
              </mover>
              <mover>
                <mrow>
                  <mi>F</mi>
                  <mi>A</mi>
                </mrow>
                <mo stretchy="true">&#x00AF;</mo>
              </mover>
            </mfrac>
          </mstyle>
          <mo>=</mo>
          <mo>-</mo>
          <mstyle displaystyle="true">
            <mfrac>
              <mover>
                <mrow>
                  <mi>F</mi>
                  <mi>'</mi>
				  <mi>A</mi>
                  <mi>'</mi>
                </mrow>
                <mo stretchy="true">&#x00AF;</mo>
              </mover>
              <mover>
                <mrow>
                  <mi>O</mi>
                  <mi>F</mi>
				   <mi>'</mi>
                </mrow>
                <mo stretchy="true">&#x00AF;</mo>
              </mover>
            </mfrac>
          </mstyle>
          
        </mtd>
      </mtr>
    </mtable>
  </math>






  
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