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<title>Optique - Miroirs sphériques</title>
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<h1>Miroirs sphériques</h1>
<hr />



<h2>Miroir concave(convergent) ou convexe(divergent)</h2>

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<text transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 118.7461 98.1477)" font-family="'Arial'" font-size="16">C</text>
<text transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 240.9707 98.1467)" font-family="'Arial'" font-size="16">S</text>
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<p>pour un miroir concave ou encore convergent on a 
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    <mo>&lt;</mo>
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</p>


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<p>pour un miroir convexe ou encore divergent on a 
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        <mi>C</mi>
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      <mo>&macr;</mo>
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    <mo>&gt;</mo>
    <mn>0</mn>
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</math>
</p>


<h2>Stigmatisme approché dans les conditions de Gauss - Relation de conjugaison</h2>

<p>Les miroirs sphériques ne donnent d'un point A une unique image A' que dans certaines conditions appelées <strong>conditions de Gauss</strong> : </p>

<p class="def">Les rayons lumineux sont proches de l'axe et peu inclinés par rapport à l'axe.</p>

<p>Dans ces conditions, la <strong>relation de conjugaison</strong> donne la position de l'image (resp. objet) connaissant la position de l'objet (resp. image) :</p>

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              <mn>1</mn>
              <mover>
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          <mo>=</mo>
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<p>On parle alors de <strong>stigmatisme approché</strong></p>
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    <mi>A</mi>
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    <mi>A</mi>
    <mi>'</mi>
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<p>On dit que A' est le conjugué de A ou encore que A et A' sont conjugués. Tous les rayons issus de A convergent en A'.</p>


<h2>Points particuliers - Distance focale - Vergence</h2>
<p>C est son propre conjugué</p>
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<p>Le <strong> foyer image</strong> est le conjugué d'un point objet à l'infini sur l'axe</p>
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    <mi>F</mi>
    <mi>'</mi>
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<p>où f' est la <strong>distance focale image</strong> et V la <strong>vergence</strong></p>


<p>Le <strong> foyer objet</strong> est le conjugué d'un point image à l'infini sur l'axe</p>
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    <mi>F</mi>
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        <mi>sphérique</mi>
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    <mi>A</mi>
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          <mo>=</mo>
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<p>où f est la <strong>distance focale objet</strong></p>
<p>Pour le miroir sphérique, les foyers objet et image sont confondus au milieu de SC.</p>


<h2>Aplanétisme approché dans les conditions de Gauss - Plan focal</h2>

<p>Les miroirs sphériques ne donnent d'un objet perpendiculaire à l'axe une image perpendiculaire à l'axe que dans les conditions de Gauss; on parle alors d'<strong>aplanétisme approché</strong>.</p>

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    <msub>
      <mi>A</mi>
      <mo>&#x221E;</mo>
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    <munderover>
      <mo>&#x2192;</mo>
      <mrow/>
      <mrow>
        <mi>miroir</mi>
        <mspace width="0.5em"/>
        <mi>sphérique</mi>
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    </munderover>
    <mi>F</mi>
    <mi>'</mi>
</math>
  <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" overflow="scroll">
    <msub>
      <mi>B</mi>
      <mo>&#x221E;</mo>
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      <mo>&#x2192;</mo>
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        <mi>miroir</mi>
        <mspace width="0.5em"/>
        <mi>sphérique</mi>
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<p>Le conjugué de <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll">
    <msub>
      <mi>B</mi>
      <mo>&#x221E;</mo>
    </msub>
  </math>  
est dans le plan perpendiculaire à l'axe passant par F' appelé <strong>plan focal</strong> image.</p>

<p>De même, Le conjugué de <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll">
    <mi>B</mi><msub>
      <mi>'</mi>
      <mo>&#x221E;</mo>
    </msub>
  </math>  
est dans le plan perpendiculaire à l'axe passant par F appelé <strong>plan focal</strong> objet.</p>
<p>Pour le miroir sphérique, les plans focal objet et image sont confondus.</p>




<h2>Modélisation du miroir sphérique et constructions géométriques</h2>

<h3>Modélisation</h3>
<p>Cette modélisation concerne le miroir sphérique utilisé dans les conditions de Gauss.</p>
<p>On dilate les schémas perpendiculairement à l'axe optique :</p>

<p>miroir concave :</p>
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<p>miroir convexe :</p>
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<text transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 165.8594 99.0813)" font-family="'Arial'" font-size="16">F</text>
</svg></div>


<h3>Construction de l'image A' d'un point A sur l'axe</h3>
<p>On prend, dans le plan perpendiculaire à l'axe et passant par A, un point B en dehors de l'axe; l'image d'un point étant un point (stigmatisme), il suffit de deux rayons pour trouver B' à choisir parmi les 3 rayons remarquables suivants :</p>
<ul>
<li>le rayon parallèle à l'axe (issu d'un point à l'infini sur l'axe) et passant par B est réfléchi en passant par F';</li>
<li>le rayon passant par B et par F est réfléchi parallèlement à l'axe ("convergeant" vers un point à l'infini sur l'axe);</li>
<li>le rayon passant par B et par C est réfléchi en repassant par C.</li></ul>


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<text transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 251.7476 94.6528)" font-family="'Arial'" font-size="16">A&apos;</text>
<text transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 202.1724 94.6538)" font-family="'Arial'" font-size="16">C</text>
<text transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 284.6577 94.6519)" font-family="'Arial'" font-size="16">F</text>
<text transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 251.73 141.021)" font-family="'Arial'" font-size="16">B&apos;</text>
</svg>


<h3>Construction d'un rayon réfléchi</h3>
<p>On fait comme si le rayon parvenait d'un point à l'infini en dehors de l'axe; le rayon parallèle passant par C (provenant aussi de <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll">
    <msub>
      <mi>B</mi>
      <mo>&#x221E;</mo>
    </msub></math>
	) coupe le plan focal en B' conjugué de <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll">
    <msub>
      <mi>B</mi>
      <mo>&#x221E;</mo>
    </msub></math>; tous les rayons issus de <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll">
    <msub>
      <mi>B</mi>
      <mo>&#x221E;</mo>
    </msub></math> convergent en B' après réflexion (stigmatisme), le rayon est donc réfléchi en passant par B' :</p>

<div class="noform"><svg  version="1.1" id="construction_rayon_reflechi" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" width="760" height="290"
	 viewBox="0 0 330.666 198" overflow="visible" enable-background="new 0 0 330.666 198" xml:space="preserve">
<g>
		<line fill="none" stroke="#000000" stroke-width="0.6626" stroke-linecap="square" stroke-miterlimit="10" x1="35.551" y1="99.662" x2="326.667" y2="99.662"/>
	<path d="M330.666,99.662c-1.882,0.698-4.217,1.89-5.663,3.15l1.14-3.15l-1.14-3.15C326.449,97.772,328.784,98.964,330.666,99.662z"
		/>
</g>
<line fill="none" stroke="#828181" stroke-width="1.3252" stroke-linecap="square" stroke-miterlimit="10" x1="275.764" y1="11.537" x2="275.764" y2="186.463"/>
<line fill="none" stroke="#828181" stroke-width="1.3252" stroke-linecap="square" stroke-miterlimit="10" x1="263.805" y1="0.935" x2="275.764" y2="11.537"/>
<line fill="none" stroke="#828181" stroke-width="1.3252" stroke-linecap="square" stroke-miterlimit="10" x1="263.805" y1="197.064" x2="275.764" y2="186.463"/>
<line fill="none" stroke="#F08A1C" stroke-width="0.6626" stroke-linecap="square" stroke-miterlimit="10" x1="53.2" y1="16.175" x2="276.428" y2="71.833"/>
<line fill="none" stroke="#000000" stroke-width="0.6626" stroke-linecap="square" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-dasharray="4 4" x1="191.389" y1="186.71" x2="191.389" y2="63.853"/>
<line fill="none" stroke="#000000" stroke-width="0.6626" stroke-linecap="square" stroke-miterlimit="10" stroke-dasharray="4 4" x1="276.073" y1="141.582" x2="9.524" y2="75.265"/>
<line fill="none" stroke="#F08A1C" stroke-width="0.6626" stroke-linecap="square" stroke-miterlimit="10" x1="276.428" y1="71.833" x2="96.948" y2="175.281"/>
<text transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 100.0479 92.3765)" font-family="'Arial'" font-size="16">C</text>
<text transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 176.2383 92.3765)" font-family="'Arial'" font-size="16">F</text>
<text transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 195.1904 142.043)" font-family="'Arial'" font-size="16">B&apos;</text>
<text transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 0 22.8999)" font-family="'Arial'" font-size="16">B</text>
<text transform="matrix(1 0 0 1 9.5239 29.5664)" font-family="'Cmsy10'" font-size="14">1</text>
</svg></div>


<h2>Relations de conjugaison et grandissement</h2>

<p>Relation de conjugaison avec origine au sommet ou encore <strong>formule de Descartes :</strong></p>
<math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" overflow="scroll">
    <mtable frame="solid">
      <mtr>
        <mtd>
          <mstyle displaystyle="true">
            <mfrac>
              <mn>1</mn>
              <mover>
                <mrow>
                  <mi>S</mi>
                  <mi>A</mi>
                </mrow>
                <mo stretchy="true">&#x00AF;</mo>
              </mover>
            </mfrac>
          </mstyle>
          <mo>+</mo>
          <mstyle displaystyle="true">
            <mfrac>
              <mn>1</mn>
              <mover>
			    <mrow>
                <mi>S</mi>
				<mi>A</mi>
				<mi>'</mi>
				</mrow>
                <mo stretchy="true">&#x00AF;</mo>
              </mover>
            </mfrac>
          </mstyle>
          <mo>=</mo>
          <mstyle displaystyle="true">
            <mfrac>
              <mn>2</mn>
              <mover>
                <mrow>
                  <mi>S</mi>
                  <mi>C</mi>
                </mrow>
                <mo stretchy="true">&#x00AF;</mo>
              </mover>
            </mfrac>
          </mstyle>
        </mtd>
      </mtr>
    </mtable>
  </math>
<p>Relation de conjugaison avec origine au centre : </p>
  <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" overflow="scroll">
    <mtable frame="solid">
      <mtr>
        <mtd>
          <mstyle displaystyle="true">
            <mfrac>
              <mn>1</mn>
              <mover>

                <mrow>
                  <mi>C</mi>
                  <mi>A</mi>
                </mrow>
                <mo stretchy="true">&#x00AF;</mo>
              </mover>
            </mfrac>
          </mstyle>
          <mo>+</mo>
          <mstyle displaystyle="true">
            <mfrac>
              <mn>1</mn>
              <mover>
			  <mrow>
                <mi>C</mi>
				<mi>A</mi>
				<mi>'</mi>
				</mrow>
                <mo stretchy="true">&#x00AF;</mo>
              </mover>
            </mfrac>
          </mstyle>
          <mo>=</mo>
          <mstyle displaystyle="true">
            <mfrac>
              <mn>2</mn>
              <mover>
                <mrow>
                  <mi>C</mi>
                  <mi>S</mi>
                </mrow>
                <mo stretchy="true">&#x00AF;</mo>
              </mover>
            </mfrac>
          </mstyle>
        </mtd>
      </mtr>
    </mtable>
  </math>
 <p>Relation de conjugaison avec origine aux foyers ou encore <strong>formule de Newton</strong></p>
  <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" overflow="scroll">
    <mtable frame="solid">
      <mtr>
        <mtd>
          <mover>
            <mrow>
              <mi>F</mi>
              <mi>A</mi>
            </mrow>
            <mo stretchy="true">&#x00AF;</mo>
          </mover>
          <mo>&#x2009;</mo>
          <mi>.</mi>
          <mo>&#x2009;</mo>
          <mover>
		  <mrow>
            <mi>F</mi>
			<mi>A</mi>
			<mi>'</mi>
			</mrow>
            <mo stretchy="true">&#x00AF;</mo>
          </mover>
          <mo>=</mo>
          <msup>
            <mover>
              <mrow>
                <mi>S</mi>
                <mi>F</mi>
              </mrow>
              <mo stretchy="true">&#x00AF;</mo>
            </mover>
            <mn>2</mn>
          </msup>
          <mo>=</mo>
          <msup>
            <mi>f</mi>
            <mn>2</mn>
          </msup>
          <mo>=</mo>
          <mstyle displaystyle="true">
            <mfrac>
              <msup>
                <mover>
                  <mrow>
                    <mi>S</mi>
                    <mi>C</mi>
                  </mrow>
                  <mo stretchy="true">&#x00AF;</mo>
                </mover>
                <mn>2</mn>
              </msup>
              <mn>4</mn>
            </mfrac>
          </mstyle>
        </mtd>
      </mtr>
    </mtable>
  </math>
  
<p><strong>Grandissement</strong> :</p>  
  <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block" overflow="scroll">
    <mtable frame="solid">
      <mtr>
        <mtd>
          <mi>&#x03B3;</mi>
          <mo>=</mo>
          <mstyle displaystyle="true">
            <mfrac>
              <mover>
                <mrow>
                  <mi>A</mi>
                  <mi>'</mi>
                  <mi>B</mi>
                  <mi>'</mi>
                </mrow>
                <mo stretchy="true">&#x00AF;</mo>
              </mover>
              <mover>
                <mrow>
                  <mi>A</mi>
                  <mi>B</mi>
                </mrow>
                <mo stretchy="true">&#x00AF;</mo>
              </mover>
            </mfrac>
          </mstyle>
          <mo>=</mo>
          <mo>-</mo>
          <mstyle displaystyle="true">
            <mfrac>
              <mover>
			  <mrow>
                <mi>S</mi>
				<mi>A</mi>
				<mi>'</mi>
				</mrow>
                <mo stretchy="true">&#x00AF;</mo>
              </mover>
              <mover>
                <mrow>
                  <mi>S</mi>
                  <mi>A</mi>
                </mrow>
                <mo stretchy="true">&#x00AF;</mo>
              </mover>
            </mfrac>
          </mstyle>
          <mo>=</mo>
          <mstyle displaystyle="true">
            <mfrac>
              <mover>
                <mrow>
                  <mi>C</mi>
                  <mi>A</mi>
				  <mi>'</mi>
                </mrow>
                <mo stretchy="true">&#x00AF;</mo>
              </mover>
              <mover>
                <mrow>
                  <mi>C</mi>
                  <mi>A</mi>
                </mrow>
                <mo stretchy="true">&#x00AF;</mo>
              </mover>
            </mfrac>
          </mstyle>
          <mo>=</mo>
          <mo>-</mo>
          <mstyle displaystyle="true">
            <mfrac>
              <mover>
                <mrow>
                  <mi>S</mi>
                  <mi>F</mi>
                </mrow>
                <mo stretchy="true">&#x00AF;</mo>
              </mover>
              <mover>
                <mrow>
                  <mi>F</mi>
                  <mi>A</mi>
                </mrow>
                <mo stretchy="true">&#x00AF;</mo>
              </mover>
            </mfrac>
          </mstyle>
          <mo>=</mo>
          <mo>-</mo>
          <mstyle displaystyle="true">
            <mfrac>
              <mover>
                <mrow>
                  <mi>F</mi>
                  <mi>A</mi>
				  <mi>'</mi>
                </mrow>
                <mo stretchy="true">&#x00AF;</mo>
              </mover>
              <mover>
                <mrow>
                  <mi>S</mi>
                  <mi>F</mi>
                </mrow>
                <mo stretchy="true">&#x00AF;</mo>
              </mover>
            </mfrac>
          </mstyle>
        </mtd>
      </mtr>
    </mtable>
  </math>
  
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